THE CANADIAN PA GUIDE

What is a Physician Assistant in Canada?

An introduction to the profession, clinical practice, education and the pathway to becoming a PA.

by Anne Feser, CCPA • Last updated October 30, 2026

Welcome to the Canadian PA Guide on Physician Assistants in Canada!

Physician Assistants are becoming a more familiar part of healthcare in Canada, but there are still plenty of questions about what PAs actually do, how they are trained, and how their role fits within a medical team.

This guide provides an introduction to the Canadian PA profession, starting with the fundamentals of the PA role and education, and how PAs fit into Canada's healthcare system.

SECTION 01

What is a PA?

Physician Assistants (PAs) are healthcare professionals who practice medicine in collaboration with physicians to provide patient care. [1-3, 5]

PAs are trained to assess patients, diagnose and manage medical conditions, order and interpret diagnostic tests, prescribe medications, perform procedures, and assist in surgery. [2, 3]

The PA role can look different from one setting to the next. In family medicine, a PA may see a mix of acute and chronic problems. On a surgical service, their responsibilities may include inpatient rounds, assisting in the operating room, and postoperative follow-up.

What remains consistent is the PA’s medical training and their role in providing care as part of a healthcare team.

SECTION 02

PA Scope of Practice

PAs are trained as medical generalists, giving them a broad foundation to practice across different medical specialties and clinical settings. They work in collaboration with physicians, within a formalized PA/MD supervisory relationship. [2-5]

The specific responsibilities of a PA depend on their clinical training, the setting in which they practice, and the arrangements established with their supervising physician(s) and healthcare team. [4, 5]

  • Patient Assessment. PAs conduct patient assessments through history-taking, physical examinations and review of diagnostic findings.

    They use clinical judgement to recognize important findings, identify potential diagnoses and determine the need for further investigations or consult. [2, 3]

  • PAs can order diagnostic investigations to evaluate suspected medical conditions, monitor treatment, and guide clinical decisions.

    Depending on their clinical setting and authorized responsibilities, these investigations may include:

    • Laboratory and blood tests

    • Diagnostic imaging, including X-rays, CT scans, MRIs, and ultrasounds

    • ECGs and pulmonary function tests

    • Bone scans

    • EMG and nerve conduction studies

    Some PAs also develop additional diagnostic skills, such as point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the Emergency Dept. [14, 15]

    PAs interpret findings alongside the patient's history and clinical examination, identify results that require action, and determine whether further investigation or changes to treatment are needed. [2, 3]

  • PAs develop differential diagnoses, weighing possible explanations for a patient's presentation and recognizing conditions that need urgent attention.

    As new information becomes available, they refine the assessment, discuss treatment options with the patient, initiate appropriate management and arrange reassessment or consultation.

    For hospital-based PAs, the work can also extend to coordinating admissions, managing ongoing inpatient concerns, and preparing patients for discharge. [2-4]

  • Prescribing medications is another responsibility that can form part of PA practice, although the rules and arrangements differ across Canada.

    Where authorized, PAs may prescribe medications for acute medical conditions or the ongoing management of chronic illnesses. The medications a PA can prescribe, and the process for doing so, depend on provincial requirements and their practice arrangements. [3, 4, 5]

  • Patient Education. PAs explain diagnoses, results and options in plain language, adjusted to the patient's health literacy, language, culture and circumstances, with interpreters when needed. This includes medication counselling, chronic disease support and prevention such as screening and immunization. When patients need more help, PAs connect them with community services such as diabetes education, smoking cessation and home care. [2, 3]

  • Procedures. PAs perform diagnostic and therapeutic procedures within their authorized scope, demonstrated competence, and practice setting. Common examples include wound care, suturing, injections, casting, and fracture management.

    Depending on their specialty and additional training, PAs may also perform procedures such as joint injections, lumbar punctures, or fracture reductions. [2, 3]

    Aside from performing the technical skill of the procedure, the PA is involved in procedural care. This includes assessment of clinical indications and appropriateness, obtaining or confirming informed consent, discussion of risks and post-procedure care, and monitoring for complications. [2-4]

  • Inpatient care and coordination. On medical and surgical wards, PAs may follow patients from admission to discharge. They assess patients, review investigations, monitor response to treatment and respond to deterioration. They join multidisciplinary rounds, coordinate consults, take part in goals of care conversations, arrange follow up and give structured handovers. [2, 3, 9]

  • Surgical Care and OR Assist. PAs contribute before, during and after surgery. This work may include:

    • Preoperative care: Assessing patients, reviewing investigations, preparing patients for surgery, and participating in informed consent discussions.

    • Intraoperative Surgical Assist: Assisting with patient positioning and draping, surgical exposure, instrument handling, maintaining the sterile field, and wound closure.

    • Postoperative care: Monitoring recovery, assessing and managing complications, providing wound care, implementing postoperative treatment plans, and coordinating follow-up.

    Over time on one service, a PA learns the procedures, the surgeons’ preferences and the equipment and implants, which helps the team anticipate needs from the OR through to recovery and handover. [2, 3, 9]

  • Pager and on-call coverage. Some hospital-based PAs carry a pager during scheduled shifts and respond to concerns from nursing and the team: they assess the patient, start investigations or treatment within their authorized responsibilities, and involve a physician when needed. Some also cover evenings, nights, weekends or holidays. This varies by service and is not required of every hospital PA.

SECTION 03

How PAs Work Within Healthcare Teams

PAs work collaboratively with physicians and other healthcare professionals to provide coordinated patient care.

The PA-Physician Relationship

The PA/MD supervisory relationship is a formal, ongoing arrangement in which one or more named physicians delegate defined medical tasks to a PA and oversee how the PA performs them. [4, 5]

A successful PA/MD relationship includes several components:

  • Orientation & Assessing Clinical Competence: When a PA joins a team, the supervising physician helps set the PA's responsibilities, assesses competence and clarifies when to consult. This often involves joint assessments, case reviews, supervised procedures and direct feedback. Even experienced PAs need orientation when they change specialty or setting.

  • Supervision. The level of oversight depends on competence, patient complexity and provincial rules.

    • Under direct supervision, the physician is physically present.

    • Under indirect supervision, the PA manages patients without the physician being physically present in the room, and the physician stays available for consultation.

    PAs consult or involve the physician when a case exceeds their competence or warrants it. [4, 5]

  • Physicians also support PA development through clinical teaching, case discussions, procedural training, and ongoing feedback. [2, 3]

Working With Other Healthcare Professionals

PAs work as part of an interprofessional healthcare team, communicating regularly with colleagues to assess patient needs, develop care plans, monitor treatment, and respond to changes in a patient’s condition. [2, 3]

How collaboration works depends on the clinical setting:

  • For a patient with poorly controlled diabetes, the PA may work with nurses and diabetes educators on teaching and monitoring, pharmacists on medication review and adherence, dietitians on practical nutrition, and social workers on financial or social barriers. The team builds a plan around the patient's medical needs and their ability to carry it out.

  • Inpatient medicine. For an older patient admitted with pneumonia, the PA may work with nurses on clinical progress, pharmacists on antimicrobial therapy and medication safety, physiotherapists and occupational therapists on mobility and function, and social workers and discharge planners on supports after discharge.

    Through interdisciplinary rounds and ongoing communication, the team works toward shared treatment and discharge goals.

  • An Orthopaedic Surgery PA assisting with a total hip replacement may collaborate with:

    • Surgeons to coordinate operative steps and provide surgical assistance.

    • Scrub and circulating nurses to anticipate instrument, implant, and equipment needs while maintaining a safe operative environment.

    • Anesthesiologists and anesthesia assistants to coordinate positioning, intraoperative concerns, and patient transitions.

    • Recovery room nurses to communicate relevant operative findings and postoperative care considerations.

    In the operating room, effective teamwork depends on anticipating the needs of other professionals, communicating clearly, and coordinating care throughout the procedure and handover.

When happens when a PA is added to a healthcare team or service?

The benefits of adding a PA extend beyond seeing more patients. Adding a PA to a healthcare team provides additional clinical capacity, but their contribution extends beyond seeing more patients. By taking on ongoing clinical responsibilities, PAs can help teams manage workloads, maintain consistent patient care, and help reduce delays in treatment. [6-9, 42]

1) More Clinical Capacity. A PA can assess and manage patients, review investigations, address concerns, and provide treatment and follow up, which spreads workload across the team. [6, 7]

2) Improved Continuity of Care. PAs provide a familiar, consistent presence on healthcare teams, helping patients receive ongoing care even as physicians and medical trainees rotate through a service. PAs follow patients from admission to discharge, keep track of history and plans, and reduce gaps in care during team changes and handover. [6-9]

3) Better Care Coordination. Care slows when investigations, consultations, or treatment plans are not followed up. PAs help keep care moving by arranging consultations, following up on recommendations, tracking outstanding investigations and treatment plans, and coordinating discharge planning to avoid unnecessary delays. [2-3, 8-9]

SECTION 04

Where PAs Work

Medical Specialties

PAs can be found working in a wide range of medical and surgical specialties, including:

  • Primary care and community: family medicine, geriatrics, paediatrics, sports medicine, occupational medicine, addiction medicine, palliative care

  • Acute and hospital based: emergency, internal medicine, hospital medicine, critical care, trauma

  • Mental health, pain and rehabilitation: psychiatry, pain medicine, physiatry

  • Medical subspecialties: cardiology, dermatology, endocrinology, gastroenterology, hematology, infectious diseases, nephrology, neurology, oncology, respirology, rheumatology

  • Surgical specialties: general, orthopaedic, cardiothoracic, vascular, neurosurgery, plastic, urology, otolaryngology, obstetrics and gynaecology

Practice Settings

PAs work in different environments depending on the role and the patients they serve.

This includes:

  • Hospitals: Emergency departments, inpatient units, intensive care units, operating rooms, and hospital-based clinics.

  • Primary care: Family medicine practices, community health centres, and other primary care clinics.

  • Outpatient and specialty clinics: Ambulatory care, specialist consultations, procedures, and follow-up appointments.

  • Long-term care and rehabilitation: Long-term care homes, rehabilitation facilities, and other settings supporting patients with ongoing care needs.

  • Rural and remote healthcare: Community health facilities and remote clinical services, including communities with limited access to healthcare.

  • Occupational and industrial healthcare: Workplace health clinics and remote industrial worksites, including mining operations.

  • Military healthcare: Canadian Armed Forces clinics, military bases, and operational environments.

Can PAs Change Specialties?

Yes. This is called lateral mobility, the ability to move between medical specialties during a career. Physicians train in one specialty during residency, while PAs receive broad medical training that applies across specialties.

However, a lateral move to another specialty does not mean PAs can practice in a new seting without preparation. The PA builds on existing knowledge and develops the skills of the new setting through orientation, mentorship, clinical experience and supervision. For example, a PA moving from emergency medicine to orthopaedics brings assessment and procedural foundations and learns the surgical workflow and postoperative care. [2,3]

SECTION 05

PA Education

PAs in Canada complete an intensive, full-time education program that combines medical sciences, clinical skills, and supervised clinical experience. Most programs follow a two-year structure, beginning with classroom-based learning and progressing to clinical rotations.

PA education follows the medical model, an approach also used in physician education. Students learn to apply medical knowledge to clinical problems: assessing patients, developing differential diagnoses, interpreting investigations, and formulating treatment plans. Some programs draw on their university’s medical school curriculum and provide opportunities for shared teaching or clinical placements alongside medical students. [29–35]

PA Programs in Canada

Canada has seven university-based PA education programs across five provinces. Programs differ in the degrees awarded, admission requirements, curriculum delivery, and clinical placement arrangements.

Typical PA Program Structure

Year 1: Medical Foundations (PA-S1)

The first year focuses on building a foundation in clinical medicine. Students study subjects such as anatomy, physiology, pathophysiology, pharmacology, and clinical medicine while developing practical skills in patient assessment and communication.

Learning typically includes lectures, case-based discussions, simulation, clinical skills laboratories, and early clinical exposure. [29-35]

Year 2: Clinical Rotations (PA-S2)

The second year focuses on applying medical knowledge in clinical settings under the supervision of experienced healthcare professionals. Students complete rotations across several areas of medicine, which may include family medicine, emergency medicine, internal medicine, surgery, paediatrics, psychiatry and obstetrics and gynaecology.

During these placements, students participate in patient assessments, develop clinical reasoning skills, and gradually take on greater responsibilities appropriate to their level of training. [29-35]

SECTION 06

After Graduation

Graduating from a PA program is only one step toward entering practice. Additional certification and registration requirements apply.

National Certification

Graduates of recognized Canadian programs may be eligible to write the PA Certification Exam (PACE) from the Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada (PACCC). Passing earns the Canadian Certified Physician Assistant (CCPA) designation. Certification is required to practice in Canada. [17, 18]

Maintenance of Certification (MOC)

PACE is a one time exam, and certification is kept through continuing professional development (CPD). PAs log CPD in the My MOC platform and must complete at least 250 CPD credits over five years, with a minimum of 25 per year and 25 credits in feedback and improvement activities in each five year cycle. They also renew CAPA membership every year. [19, 20]

Provincial Registration

In provinces that regulate PAs, you must also register with the provincial regulator before practising. In several provinces this is the same College of Physicians and Surgeons that regulates physicians. Requirements vary and may include proof of education, certification, liability protection and provincial practice requirements. [4, 21-28]

Registration makes PAs accountable to a body that sets standards, oversees registration and investigates concerns. Patients and employers can check whether a PA is registered and in good standing.

SECTION 07

PA Practice in Canada

  • In Alberta, in 2009, the Minister of Health asked the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta (CPSA) to recognize PAs under the Health Professions Act. A voluntary registry opened in 2010, and a PA Demonstration Project in 2013 (a government funded trial of the PA role) placed PAs in rural primary care and urban hospital services. Legislation in late 2020 gave CPSA authority to regulate PAs, effective April 1, 2021. PAs work under physician supervision and must meet CPSA standards and continuing competency requirements. Alberta Health Services employs PAs in hospitals, clinics, emergency departments and areas such as oncology. The University of Calgary program was funded in 2023 and approved in 2024, with 20 students in its first cohort. [21, 32]

  • In British Columbia. PAs work as certified non-registrants, meaning they are certified under College of Physicians and Surgeons of BC (CPSBC) bylaws but are not yet licensed as full registrants. The bylaws took effect after the Ministry of Health’s October 2023 decision to allow PAs in emergency departments. Island Health hired its first PA at Saanich Peninsula Hospital under a pilot, and other health authorities are identifying sites. CPSBC states that PAs will move to full licensure under the Health Professions and Occupations Act, which came into force April 1, 2026.

    In June 2026, Consultant Specialists of BC publicly supported PA integration. [26, 40]

  • Manitoba recognized PAs early, first under the title Clinical Assistant (Certified) in 1999. Amendments to the Medical Act in 2009 created a dedicated PA registry under the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba (CPSM). The University of Manitoba launched Canada’s first master’s level PA program in 2008 with 15 students and doubled intake in 2024. About 150 PAs were reported working in the province in 2024, in emergency medicine, primary care, long term care and surgery. The Physician and Clinical Assistants of Manitoba (PCAM) is the professional body. [22, 31]

  • New Brunswick. Amendments to the Medical Act in 2009 allowed the College of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick (CPNSB) to license PAs under physician supervision. A pilot in surgical services at Dr. Everett Chalmers Regional Hospital in Fredericton became permanent. Discussions continue about adding PAs in primary care and other hospital settings. [24]

  • Newfoundland and Labrador announced plans to integrate PAs in October 2022 and launched a three year pilot in November 2023, placing about 10 PAs across five sites and health zones in inpatient care, surgery, hospital medicine, emergency, primary care and follow up for patients without a family doctor. The pilot first accepted Canadian trained PAs because no regulatory system was yet in place. [27, 41]

  • Nova Scotia. A 2019 pilot placed three PAs in orthopaedic surgery by January 2020. The Physician Assistant Act had first reading in October 2021, giving the Minister authority to make regulations. Dalhousie’s Master of Physician Assistant Studies opened in January 2024, the first PA program in Atlantic Canada, with 24 students and priority for Nova Scotians. [23, 34]

  • Ontario announced PAs in 2006, followed by the Ontario PA Demonstration Project in 2007. Bill 283 received Royal Assent on June 3, 2021. Since April 1, 2025, the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario (CPSO) regulates PAs, with title protection (only registered PAs may use the title) and delegation by supervising physicians for controlled acts. McMaster (2008) and the University of Toronto (2010) train PAs in Ontario. Western announced a Master of Physician Assistant Studies in June 2026. [4, 29, 30, 37]

  • In Prince Edward Island, regulations under the Regulated Health Professions Act took effect in June 2023, creating a PA registration class under the College of Physicians and Surgeons of PEI. Health PEI began recruiting five PAs in November 2023 and welcomed its first PA in November 2024, with hiring continuing. [25, 38]

  • Quebec. The first PAs began working in October 2024 through a pilot with the Cree Board of Health and Social Services of James Bay in northern Quebec. CAPA is working with the government to explore wider introduction. [39]

  • Saskatchewan .The 2023 legislation allows PAs to be licensed by the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan, and PAs began working in early 2023 in primary care, long term care, emergency, oncology, internal medicine and surgery. The University of Saskatchewan’s two year Master of Physician Assistant Studies welcomed its first 20 students in September 2025, and students are moving into clinical placements in 2026. [28, 33, 36]

  • Military PAs serve across Canada, including the Arctic, and may be posted overseas or on ships. The title Physician Assistant was introduced in 1984 for senior medical personnel. A redesigned two year program launched in 2002 and was nationally accredited in 2004. Since then the CAF has sponsored students in accredited civilian programs, followed by military specific training. PAs in the CAF have held officer status since 2016. [16]

Final Notes

The PA profession has come a long way in Canada, and it’s still growing. More healthcare teams are becoming familiar with what PAs bring to clinical practice, and opportunities continue to develop across different specialties and provinces.

For current and future PAs, understanding the profession includes knowing where your role sits in the health system, what accountability comes with it, and how your practice will change over time.

One of the things I appreciate most about being a PA is the flexibility of our medical training. We can build expertise in a specialty, take on new clinical challenges, and continue learning throughout our careers. That flexibility comes with a responsibility to recognize our limits, maintain our competencies, and contribute meaningfully to the teams we work with.

-Anne

References

[1] Canadian Institute for Health Information. Physician assistants. https://www.cihi.ca/en/physician-assistants

[2] CAPA (2021). Canadian physician assistant competency framework 2021: Canadian EPA-PA. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/65010339c28b8.pdf

[3] CAPA (2015). CanMEDS-PA: 2015 edition. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/65010706a11c6.pdf

[4] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario. Regulation of PAs. https://www.cpso.on.ca/physician-assistants/regulation-of-pas

[5] Canadian Medical Protective Association. (2024, May). Working with physician assistants: Regulation, delegation, and liability protection. https://www.cmpa-acpm.ca/en/advice-publications/browse-articles/2024/working-with-physician-assistants-regulation-delegation-and-liability-protection

[6] de la Roche, M. R. P., et al. (2021). Effect of a physician assistant on quality and efficiency metrics in an emergency department: Population cohort study. Canadian Family Physician, 67(2), e61 to e67. https://doi.org/10.46747/cfp.6702e61

[7] Ducharme, J., et al. (2009). The impact on patient flow after the integration of nurse practitioners and physician assistants in 6 Ontario emergency departments. CJEM, 11(5), 455 to 461. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1481803500011659

[8] Decloe, M., McCready, J., Downey, J., & Powis, J. (2015). Improving health care efficiency through the integration of a physician assistant into an infectious diseases consult service at a large urban community hospital. Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology, 26(3), 130 to 132. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/857890

[9] Burrows, K., et al. (2020). Understanding health professional role integration in complex adaptive systems: a multiple-case study of physician assistants in Ontario, Canada. BMC Health Services Research. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-020-05087-8

[10] Burrows, K., Nickell, L., & Krueger, P. (2025). Physician assistants working in primary care in Canada: Findings from a national survey. Healthcare Management Forum, 38(5), 456 to 463. https://doi.org/10.1177/08404704251347908

[11] Grimes, K., & Prada, G. (2016). Value of physician assistants. The Conference Board of Canada. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/6517394f5750f.pdf

[12] Desormeaux, M., et al. (2016). Gaining efficiency: Increasing the use of physician assistants in Canada. The Conference Board of Canada. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/65173974e12c4.pdf

[13] Grimes, K., et al. (2017). Funding models for physician assistants: Canadian and international experiences. The Conference Board of Canada. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/651739607bf9d.pdf

[14] CAPA. Medical directive example: Family medicine. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/6553d0c042196.pdf

[15] CAPA. Medical directive example: Emergency medicine. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/6553d11050707.pdf

[16] CAPA. (2023, May). Information brief: Physician assistants. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/6557ac9564b06.pdf

[17] Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada. Certification overview. https://capa-acam.ca/paccc/

[18] Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada. Certification examination eligibility criteria. https://capa-acam.ca/paccc/pa-cert-exam/eligibility-criteria

[19] Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada. Maintenance of certification and continuing professional development. https://capa-acam.ca/paccc/continuing-professional-development

[20] Physician Assistant Certification Council of Canada. (2024). Refreshed maintenance of certification framework. https://capa-acam.ca/_uploads/65f081495a90b.pdf

[21] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Alberta. Physician assistant registration. https://cpsa.ca/physician-assistants/registration/

[22] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Manitoba. Clinical assistants and physician assistants. https://www.cpsm.mb.ca/registration/applying-for-registration/clinical-assistants-and-physician-assistants

[23] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Nova Scotia. Physician assistant resources. https://cpsns.ns.ca/registrants/physician-assistants/physician-assistant-resources/

[24] College of Physicians and Surgeons of New Brunswick. Regulation 6: Physician assistants. https://cpsnb.org/assets/33dfaf4e-9f65-46e1-be64-24f05a20ba45/Regulation%206-Reglement%206%20BIL.pdf

[25] Government of Prince Edward Island. (2023). Physician assistants regulations (EC2023-428). https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/legislation/regulated-health-professions-act/physician-assistants-regulations

[26] College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia. Physician assistant. https://www.cpsbc.ca/registrants/current-registrants/registration-and-licensing/physician-assistant

[27] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Newfoundland and Labrador. Physician assistants. https://cpsnl.ca/licensing-and-registration/physician-assistants/

[28] College of Physicians and Surgeons of Saskatchewan. Regulatory bylaws: Physician assistant licensure provisions. https://www.cps.sk.ca/imis/ContentBuddyDownload.aspx?DocumentVersionKey=1f40f38c-6513-40f5-86ef-f628c867d8ea

[29] McMaster University. Physician Assistant Education Program. https://healthsci.mcmaster.ca/physician-assistant/

[30] University of Toronto PA Consortium. Prospective students. https://paconsortium.ca/prospective-students-0

[31] University of Manitoba. Master of Physician Assistant Studies. https://umanitoba.ca/medicine/physician-assistant-studies

[32] University of Calgary. Master of Physician Assistant Studies. https://cumming.ucalgary.ca/physician-assistant

[33] University of Saskatchewan. Master of Physician Assistant Studies. https://medicine.usask.ca/mpas/curriculum.php

[34] Dalhousie University. Physician Assistant Studies. https://medicine.dal.ca/departments/PAStudies.html

[35] Western University. Master of Physician Assistant Studies. https://www.schulich.uwo.ca/find-your-program/graduate-studies/master-of-physician-assistant-studies.html

[36] Government of Saskatchewan. (2025, September 9). Saskatchewan builds future physician assistant workforce. https://www.saskatchewan.ca/government/news-and-media/2025/september/09/saskatchewan-builds-future-physician-assistant-workforce

[37] Western News. (2026, June 8). Western launches Ontario's first graduate-level physician assistant program. https://news.westernu.ca/2026/06/western-physician-assistant-grad-program/

[38] Government of Prince Edward Island. (2024, November 13). Health PEI welcomes new associate physicians and physician assistant. https://www.princeedwardisland.ca/en/node/70243

[39] Canadian Association of Physician Assistants. (2024, October 1). Physician Assistants start working in Northern Quebec to help increase access to care. https://capa-acam.ca/advocacy/press-releases/physician-assistants-start-working-in-northern-quebec-to-help-increase-access-to-care-a-significant-milestone-for-pas-who-are-now-able-to-practice-medicine-coast-to-coast-2024-10-01

[40] College of Physicians and Surgeons of British Columbia. (2025). College Connector, Vol. 13 No. 4. https://www.cpsbc.ca/news/publications/college-connector/2025-V13-04/01

[41] CBC News. (2023, November 6). Pilot project aims to relieve overworked doctors with physician assistants. https://www.cbc.ca/lite/story/1.7017415

[42] Canadian Interprofessional Health Collaborative. (2024). CIHC competency framework for advancing collaboration 2024. https://health.ubc.ca/sites/default/files/documents/CIHC_EN_061124.pdf